Breathwork, or pranayama, has long been an important part of yoga practice. Working with your breath offers powerful health benefits, which you might not be aware of. These can include:
- Dramatically improving your ability to deal with stress
- Increasing your heart rate variability
- Letting go of unconscious negative breathing habits
- Learning to breathe with more ease
In this article, weâll look at each of these in more detail.
Why practice breathwork?
One of the reasons yogis put so much attention on the breath is that they recognized that while we have some voluntary control over the breath, most of the time breathing is unconscious. They saw the breath as a way to link conscious and unconscious aspects of ourselves.
You can easily feel this dual nature of the breath. For instance, you could take a deep breath right now, or even hold your breathâat least for a little while. Eventually, youâd need to breathe again, but the point is that the muscles that you use to breathe are voluntary. You have some conscious control over them.
Of course, most of the time youâre not breathing consciously. Until you started reading this post, you probably werenât even aware that you were breathing. Thatâs good because you need to breathe all the time, and youâve got other things to think about. In fact, even if youâre not conscious at allâlike when youâre sleepingâyou need to breathe.
This ability to consciously control the breath makes it different from other vital functions, such as your heart beat, blood pressure or digestion. All of those functions are necessary to keep you aliveâas is breathingâbut theyâre controlled by a part of your nervous system that you donât have voluntary control over, called the autonomic nervous system. Most of the time youâre not even aware of this part of your nervous system. Itâs working in the background.
The autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system has two major divisions. The sympathetic division is the bodyâs stress response. Itâs often referred to as the âfight or flightâ system, because it helps you either fight off or flee a threat. The parasympathetic division, on the other hand, is sometimes called the ârest and digestâ system because it helps you return to baseline when the threat is over.
Imagine youâve just finished having dinner with your friends at a restaurant. Youâre walking home and you pass a dark alley. You see someone lurking in the alley. They might be a threat, so your sympathetic nervous system kicks in.
If you have to run from this person, or fight them, your muscles will need fuel. Your sympathetic nervous system will dump epinephrine, aka adrenaline, into your bloodstream, increasing blood sugar. Your muscles will need oxygen, so your breathing rate will go up and your airway will open. Your heartbeat and your blood pressure will increase to ensure you can pump that blood to your muscles. Your muscles will produce heat, so youâll start sweating.
At the same time, your dinner is sitting in your stomach. Itâs going to take hours to digest that meal, so itâs not going to help you run right now. The blood flow to your digestive organs will be reduced.
This the bodyâs stress response. It can be life-saving. You need that ability to rev up your system to cope with threats. However, the same stress response can kick in when thereâs nothing life threatening happening. Maybe youâre just stuck in traffic or you had a fight with your spouse. Your body will go through the same physiological sequence.
And, while that stress response can keep you alive when Itâs needed, chronic stress has a lot of negative health consequences, including to your blood pressure, blood sugar and immune response. Spending too much time in that sympathetic mode isnât good for you. So having tools available that can help you shift toward a more parasympathetic state can be very helpful.
Because you can control your breath voluntarily, it offers a way to indirectly influence your autonomic nervous system. The regions of the brain that control the autonomic nervous system and the areas that control the breath communicate with each other. The autonomic nervous system influences breathing, and breathing influences the autonomic nervous system.
When your parasympathetic system is active, your breathing slows down. If you intentionally slow your breathing, even if youâre feeling stressed, youâll send a signal to your nervous system that things are ok, that thereâs nothing to worry about. This can actually help you shift in reality toward a more parasympathetic state.
Heart rate variability
A marker of the health of your autonomic nervous system is heart rate variability. You might imagine that having a steady, metronome-like heart beat would be healthy, but in fact itâs not. A healthy heart rate varies from beat to beat.
This is due to the influence of the main nerve of the parasympathetic division, the vagus nerve. The vagus is a cranial nerve. It exits directly from the brain through an opening in the skull. Itâs a long nerve that branches throughout your neck and upper torso. This long, meandering pathway is where it gets its name. Vagus is derived from the same root word meaning âwanderingâ that we get âvagrantâ and âvagabondâ from.
The vagus runs to most organs in the upper part of the torso, including the heart and lungs. When the vagus is active, is slows your heart rate.
Interestingly, this activation is coordinated with your breathing. When you exhale, your vagus nerve tells your heart to slow down slightly. When you inhale, the vagus takes its foot off the brake (metaphorically, of course), and the heart speeds up slightly. This is called respiratory sinus arrythmia.
When you see âarrhythmia,â that may not sound like a good thing, but it is. Respiratory sinus arrythmia is normal, and a sign of a healthy autonomic system. It indicates that the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions can switch back and forth smoothly.
This link between the exhalation and the parasympathetic response offers another way to indirectly influence the nervous system. While slowing your breathing down overall can help you cope with stress, lengthening the exhalation in particular can help even more.
Breathing muscles
Another benefit of breathwork is that it can train the muscles you use for breathing and help you identify habits that may be making it harder to breathe than it needs to be.
The main muscle you use for breathing is the diaphragm. This is a dome shaped muscle that lies in the lower part of your ribcage. When you inhale, it contracts, pulling the roof of the dome downward. Because the lungs are sitting on top of the diaphragm, that contraction stretches open the lungs, expanding their volume, and air flows in to fill up that space. When you breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes and the lungs shrink.
The diaphragm is very efficient. It contracts multiple times every minute over your entire lifetime, and it never gets tired. So, in general, the diaphragm should do most of the work of breathing.
As the diaphragm contracts, it pushes down on the abdomen. If the abdominal wall muscles are relaxed, the diaphragm can descend. But if you tend to chronically contract your abdominal wall muscles, that can make it harder for the diaphragm to do its job. The same thing can happen with other muscles, such as the chest wall or the pelvic floor muscles.
Many of us habitually hold unnecessary muscle contraction in these areas, making the diaphragm work harder than it needs to. However, weâre often weâre not aware of those habits.
Breathwork is grounded in breath awareness. It begins with paying attention to your breathâobserving without trying to change it or make judgments about it. Through that process, you may discover areas where youâre holding or gripping that are affecting your breath.
This process can begin with something as simple as lying on your back with your knees bent. Place your hands on your abdomen and observe whether you feel it moving. If you can relax your abdominal wall muscles, youâll find that your belly will rise toward the ceiling when you inhale and descend toward the floor when you exhale. Thatâs simply the result of your diaphragm moving up and down as you breathe.
You may find itâs not so easy to relax those muscles, if your habit is to keep them contracted. The process begins by simply noticing, but eventually those muscles can learn to let go, and youâll find that you can breathe with more ease.
Give this simple exercise a try, and you may find that not only can you breathe more easily, but your breath may naturally slow down and your nervous system may begin to quiet. Even a few minutes of lying on your back like this with your hands resting on your belly, bringing your attention to your breath, can have enormous benefits, both for your body and your mind.







































